Post World War II Migration to the Suburbs Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Were fighting in the World War II sought a place to live, as they started obtaining peacetime jobs and earning a living in different ways, as opposed to fighting on the battlefronts (Garnett, 285). In their attempt to earn a living, the soldiers and war veterans could not find sufficient accommodation in the urban areas, due to the shortage of housing in the urban regions. This being the case, the war veterans had to seek for a place to live, which was not far from the urban areas, and thus would allow them to commute from the urban areas where they were working in industries and other sectors back to their homes (Stahura, 317). This led to the development of various suburbs in close proximity to the main towns and cities. This saw a move from the urban areas to the suburbs, which was not only meant for the War veterans, but also for the other urban residents who found that the suburbs had developed close to the urban areas, and therefore it was easy for them to commute to and from the suburbs. We will write a custom essay sample on Post World War II Migration to the Suburbs or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Arizona State University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Arizona State University is a public research university with an acceptance rate of 85%. The university is one of five unique ASU campuses located throughout Phoenix: the main campus in Tempe, the Downtown Campus in Phoenix, the West Campus in Phoenix, the Polytechnic Campus in Mesa, and the Colleges at Lake Havasu City. The Tempe campus has over 51,000 students and is one of the largest universities in the country. Arizona State has well-respected academic programs in Business and Engineering. It was also awarded a chapter of  Phi Beta Kappa  for its strengths in the liberal arts and sciences. The Arizona State Sun Devils compete in the NCAA Division I  Pacific 12 Conference. Considering applying to Arizona State University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Arizona State University had an acceptance rate of 85%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 85 were admitted, making ASUs admissions process less competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 26,869 Percent Admitted 85% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 39% SAT Scores and Requirements Arizona State requires that all applicants fulfill aptitude requirements. These requirements can be demonstrated by class rank (top 25%), average GPA of 3.0 in competency courses, an SAT score of 1120 or above (residents), or 1180 or above (nonresidents), or an ACT score of 22 or above (residents), or 24 or above (nonresidents). Some degree programs have higher SAT/ACT requirements. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 60% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 570 670 Math 560 690 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Arizona States admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to ASU scored between 570 and 670, while 25% scored below 570 and 25% scored above 670. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 560 and 690, while 25% scored below 560 and 25% scored above 690. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1360 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Arizona State University. Requirements ASU does not require the SAT writing section or SAT Subject tests. Note that Arizona State participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements Arizona State requires that all applicants fulfill aptitude requirements. These requirements can be demonstrated by class rank (top 25%), average GPA of 3.0 in competency courses, an SAT score of 1120 or above (residents), or 1180 or above (nonresidents), or an ACT score of 22 or above (residents), or 24 or above (nonresidents). Some degree programs have higher SAT/ACT requirements.During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 58% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 21 29 Math 22 28 Composite 22 29 This admissions data tells us that most of Arizona States admitted students fall within the top 37% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to ASU received a composite ACT score between 22 and 29, while 25% scored above 29 and 25% scored below 22. Requirements Arizona State does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many universities, ASU superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA In 2018, the mean high school GPA of Arizona State Universitys incoming freshman class was 3.54. This information suggests that most successful applicants to ASU have primarily B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Arizona State University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Arizona State University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Arizona State University, which accepts over three-quarters of applicants, has a slightly selective admissions process. If you have completed the course competency and aptitude requirements you have a strong chance of being accepted. ASU requires all applicants to have four years of English and math, 3 years of laboratory science and social studies, 2 years of the same foreign language, and 1 year of fine arts or technical education. In addition to course requirements, ASU applicants must demonstrate aptitude by class rank, GPA, or minimum ACT or SAT scores. If an applicant fulfills these requirements, they will likely be admitted to ASU. A student who doesnt meet minimum grade and test score requirements will still be considered through individual review, a process by which an individuals background and accomplishments are taken into consideration. Also, as a strong Division I university, Arizona State may take a students athletic skill into consideration during the admissions process. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. You can see that the majority of successful applicants had A or B averages in high school, and they had combined SAT scores of about 900 or higher (ERWM) and ACT composite scores of 17 or higher. Having scores and grades above that lower range significantly increases your chance of getting an acceptance letter from Arizona State. All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Arizona State Universitys Undergraduate Admissions Office.

The United States Meat Animal Research Center - 1390 Words

Actions Speak Louder than Words Words do not have to be said for someone to be impacted. Actions send out either a positive or negative message depending upon how the action is presented. In our society, people tend to judge others by actions rather than by words. Even though there may be more behind words, actions tend to speak louder. The media features many negative stories about agriculture. One such story centered on the animal welfare occurring at the United States Meat Animal Research Center in Clay Center, Nebraska. The United States Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC) was founded 51 years ago on June 16, 1964 (U.S. Meat Animal Research Center Clay Center, NE). This research facility was established to consolidate the United States Department of Agriculture’s research on farm animals; beef, swine, and sheep in particular. The mission of the USMARC states: â€Å"Scientists at the Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (MARC) are developing scientific information and new technology to solve high priority problems for the U.S. beef, sheep, and swine industries. Objectives are to increase efficiency of production while maintaining a lean, high quality product; therefore, the research ultimately benefits the consumer as well as the production and agri-business sectors of animal agriculture. The research is directed toward problems of national concern and to meeting USDA s Action Agencies research needs. Research approaches involve multidisciplinaryShow MoreRelatedThe Meat Industry Is Negatively Affecting America s Health And Well Being1409 Words   |  6 PagesI am really concerned about our eating habits in America, and I am beginning to wonder if the meat industry is negatively affecting America s health and well-being. During this course I have efficiently held that the meat industry is in high demand, because we have dram atically increased the amount of meat consumed over the last twenty years. My understanding of this topic is that animals such as cows and chickens are being mistreated; this due to them living in small compartments, and in unhealthyRead MoreEssay about The Corrupted Food on Our Tables561 Words   |  3 PagesCorporations such as Tyson Foods Inc. The legal definition of Animal Cruelty is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Acts of violence or neglect perpetrated against animals† (Animal Cruelty). The red barn with white framing, the bright green pasture with cows grazing, and the respectable family who owns the land as seen in many commercials is a myth. Farming mechanisms have changed to increase production of livestock but what are the consequences faced by these innocent animals? Factory Farming is the industrialized production of livestockRead MoreNegative Effects Of Factory Farming1684 Words   |  7 Pagespoint to the idea that factory farming has negative impacts on the state of human he alth, socioeconomic status/livelihood of small farmers, and the environment altogether. Human health effects are multifarious and are described through the following statistics. Animal foods and by-products are the primary source of saturated fat in the diet of most Americans. This type of fat has been connected to both obesity and heart disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Various studies have indicatedRead MoreThe Ignorance Of Human Consumers Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesIgnorance of Human Consumers Humans share nurturing and pain. In the same way, animals were created to express emotions. Yet, there are mammals who are denied freedom. For a person to be ripped away from their comfortable homes, to be placed in a slaughter house leaves a treacherous image. Imagine a room filled with naked individuals awaiting their death, similar to the genocide of the Holocaust. Billions of farm animals undergo this exact situation yearly. American vegans strive for carnivores toRead MoreHealth Care Regulatory Agencies Paper889 Words   |  4 Pagesculture, and the economy. Its power of influence includes most food products (with the exception of poultry and meat), animal and human medication, therapeutic agents of biological origin, medical instruments, radiation-emitting products for consumer, medical, and professional use, toiletries, make-up, and animal food (FDA, 2009). Agency scientists review applications for new human and animal drugs, infant formulas, food and color additives, and complex medical devices. Also, the FDA monitor s theRead MoreWho Regulates Food Safety For The United States? Essay807 Words   |  4 PagesWho Regulates Food Safety In The United States? In the U.S the food is regulated at the federal and state levels. All three branches of government (executive, legislative, judicial) are involved in controlling the food industry. Each branch have their own laws. ïÆ'ž The legislative branch such as Congress set public policies. ïÆ'ž The executive branch represents government agencies such as the FDA and the USDA. Their role is to implement the policies created by the legislative branch. ïÆ'ž The judicialRead MoreAnimal Welfare Act Of 1966. Before 1966, Almost Of Animals,1660 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal Welfare Act of 1966 Before 1966, almost of animals, family pets as well, were being taken away by thieves and burglars because a lot of laboratories were paying others to do the messed up dirty work all so they could test on them with all sorts of chemicals. Between 1908-1973, President Lyndon B. Johnson saw this and the heard cries and sorrow of the people and didn’t agree with what was going on. On August 24th, 1966 President Johnson created a nameless act in order to ensure and protectRead MoreIs It Ethical And Eat Meat? Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesIs it ethical to eat meat? Many people either believe that, or simply choose to be oblivious about the truth or the basic idea that puts all non-vegetarians on a pedestal only to increase their ego, comfortably forcing everyone else to look away from the ugly truth about meat consumption, therefore reinforcing the senseless debate about humans being at the top of the food chain, as if people were savages and need meat to survive. If thatâ€℠¢s the case, then why not eat raw meat? There’s no connectionRead MoreThe Jungle Essay example944 Words   |  4 PagesSinclair had a major impact on the way the world saw the American Meat Packing Industry. While Upton Sinclair originally intended to appeal to the public’s heart concerning the conditions and the treatment of workers, it was obvious that the book had more of an impact on the meat industry. The public was outraged by the stories of waste meat being canned as wholesome meat, workers falling into vats and being processed as lard, and dead animals being processed when the inspectors weren’t looking. UptonRead MoreThe Dangers of Genetically Modified Food Essays749 Words   |  3 Pagesconsume thousands of pounds of genetically modified foods every day. Throughout the 21st century, genetic engineering tremendously impacted new research in pharmaceutical and forensic science. During that time, it also revolutionized the food in America and many ot her countries around the world. Using Recombinant DNA biotechnology on crops and farm animals helps improve nutrition and quantity of foods. However, crops that are altered with hybrid genes can also contain chemicals harmful to humans.

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) A Good Start Essay

â€Å"Open your mouth for the mute, for the rights of all who are destitute. Open your mouth, judge righteously, defend the rights of the poor and needy.† (Proverbs 31:8-9). Prejudices exist in every measure, against every person, and everywhere across the world. People are inclined to judge without reason, and often hold conviction to the initial judgment made. Despite worldwide attempts to decrease these preconceptions, people must suffer through being the target on very frequent occasions. In the U.S., occurred the Civil Rights Movement as well as the movement to end Women’s Suffrage. This did not eliminate all biases against those groups, nor did the Americans with Disabilities Act. People are still isolated because of physical†¦show more content†¦Those with disabilities have to accept their lives as being deprived of some joyful instances that may never happen. Individuals with handicaps may not be able to be active with their (or other’s) children, dream jobs may not be within grasp, memories may not be accessible while other’s take them for granted and shun those who desire that which they’ve already acq uired (â€Å"People With Disabilities†). Provided, life is hard with a disability but additionally, those with handicaps must suffer isolation which is unfavorable in multiple ways. With isolation the person has no help, no support, no companionship, and feel ultimately rejected shutting them down in a social manner (â€Å"People With Disabilities†). People who suffer from the difficulties of having a disability as well as being discriminated against may have complications managing. In daily life, individuals seek the approval, acceptance, and companionship of their peers; those with disabilities are no different in what they seek. Therefore, being out casted can have very disturbing conclusions. A woman and her daughter experienced severe brutality because of the daughter’s mental disabilities. In order to escape the cruelty the woman killed both her daughter and herself (Williams, Rachel). As if it isn’t wretched enough, others with disabilities al so feel the discrimination against them, more so than other groups of society. In addition to discriminating, people do itShow MoreRelatedChildren With Disabilities Act ( Ada )1222 Words   |  5 Pagessystematically have tools or laws in place for Deaf individuals. In 1991, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) – a civil rights law was implemented across the U.S [with four sections] that prohibit discrimination against people with disabilities including deaf and hearing impaired people. The purpose of the ADA is to make sure that people with disabilities have the same rights and opportunities as everyone else. Each section of the ADA – employment, government, public accommodations, and telecommunicationsRead MoreWhat Is The Ada And How Did It Start?2238 Words   |  9 PagesWhat is the ADA and How Did It Start? The Americans with Disabilities Act signed by President George H. W. Bush on July 26, 1990, outstands against discrimination to disabled individuals. Being one of the most complete legalization of civil privileges, this act promises individuals with disabilities that they will have the same opportunities as everyone else to contribute in the regular American life - to buy services and goods, to enjoy job opportunities, and to contribute in local and in stateRead MoreShould The Vending Machines Be Purchased For An External Company Meeting The Requirements For Products?780 Words   |  4 Pages The company will also consider to employing a vending maintenance person that will be a student worker who will have the responsibility of periodical visits to the machines; maybe once or twice per week to check the inventory and to determine the good functioning of the different mechanisms and electronic components. However, we also are going to have technology that is going to allow us to control inventory and sales. 8.3. Permits As a vending machine company, the business must be certifiedRead MoreAgency Description / Policy Analysis2603 Words   |  11 PagesDescription / Policy Analysis: Pathways John Gray Brandon Raney SW 3601 April 15, 2015 For our groups agency description paper we decided to interview â€Å"pathways†. This is an agency contracted through opportunities for Ohioans with disabilities (OOD) and partnered with Goodwill industries and paint valley ADAMH board. The home office is located at 14 south paint street in Chillicothe Ohio. This organization can be contacted by email at www.ood.gov or http://gwisco.org and also by phoneRead MorePublic Policy Impact On An American Corporation3071 Words   |  13 PagesPublic Policy Impact on an American Corporation Due to the differences in mankind, issues and conflicts often occurred in history for a multiplicity of reasons and they still will occur in the future. But to improve the quality of life for everybody and because we are all supposed to be equal in some way, we definitely need to create laws, draw up guidelines and develop principles that might solve upcoming issues or at least minimize the harm for the unprivileged and socially disadvantaged part ofRead MoreQuality Of Being Available For Inclusive Recreation Participation Essay1813 Words   |  8 Pagesaccess different spectrums of facilities or outdoor recreation activities without assistance is self rewarding. The ADA is one of Americas most comprehensive pieces of civil rights that prohibits discrimination and guarantees that people with disabilities have the same opportunities as everyone else to participate in leisure activities freely. After completing the various sections of the ADA checklist my positive and accessible area s includes Priority 1 which is consisted of Approach Entrance. In priorityRead MoreThe Feasibility Of Miniature Horses Serving As Guide Animals1348 Words   |  6 Pagesservice animal is any dog that is individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a disability, including a physical, sensory, psychiatric, intellectual, or other mental disability. Other species of animals, whether wild or domestic, trained or untrained, are not considered service animals. (ADA National Network) ADA –Americans with Disabilities. Research Questions and Hypotheses 1) What could possibly be a benefit with utilizing a miniature pony as a service animalRead MoreThe Republicans Fight For Economic Justice And Security1171 Words   |  5 Pageshealth because of the fears he had. Democratic party’s ideology on tax policy calls for raising certain taxes to provide money for government spending, which in turn generates business. The party platform asserts that government spending provides good jobs and will help the economy today†. 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Families would have feelings of shame and guilt giving birth to a child with a disability. Society viewed a child with a disability a personal tragedy and it was left to the families to cope. This all began to change after World War II when many soldiers came home with acquired disabilities. Several Acts of Congress were put in place to give rights to those with disabilities. Most notably, the Americans with Disabilities

Atlantis Free Essays

Atlantis is the subject of a legend about an advanced island civilization that was destroyed or lost. I believe Atantis is located in Bolivia based on historical evidence, advanaced architecture, advanced adimttance to road systems, and clues found in the text Critias written by the ancient Greek philospher Plato. The historical evidence in Bolivia and Atalantis match up because both civilizations were wealth, and had advanced architectual buildings. We will write a custom essay sample on Atlantis or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"There is historical evidence they usesd advances architectural and agricultural techniques†¦ (http://boliviabella. com/history. html). In Critias:†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ they had such an amount of wealth†¦ and they were furnished with everything which they needed,both in the city and country†(paragraph 14). Having a great amount of wealth means the city was ran under a ruler that controlled the city, which had advanced more then other civilizations due to the amount of control the ruler had. The wealth of Atantis and Bolivia are a factor to its architecture. Both civilizations had similar advanced architecture from the materials the building were built from. In Critias:†All the outside of the temple, with the exception of the pinnacles, they covered with silver, and the pinnacles with gold†(paragraph 16). â€Å"Modern satellite mapping shows the plain, now called the Altiplano to be of rectangular configuration, perfectly level, enclosed on all sides by mountains and these mountains contained the metals which Plato told us about, namely gold, silver, copper, tin and the mysterious Orichalcum† (an alloy of gold and copper which occurs only in the Andes) and which Plato said were used to plate the walls of the circular city. The words â€Å"Atl† and â€Å"Antis† are themselves of native America origins meaning â€Å"water† and â€Å"copper† respectively and the plain is subject to earthquakes and floods such as Plato said sank the city in a single day and night of rainfall†(http://www. atlantisbolivia. org/atlantisboliviapart1. htm). The two qoutes show that both had acces to the same materials that were used for various reasons like architecture. The civilaztion was so advanced that they had a road stystem and other things we use today like bridges. â€Å"They created a system of roads,aqueducts and hanging bridges, some of which still exist today†(http://www. oliviabella. com/history. html). In Critias:†First of all they bridged over the zones of sea which surrounded the ancient metropolis, making a road to and from the royal palace†(paragraph 15). This qoute proves that Atlantis had bridges and roads which Bolivia also had early on in their civilazation. In conclusion, I believe that Atlantis is located in Bolivia based on historical evidence, advanced architecture, and advanced admittance to road systems. Clues provided by Plato in Critias his historical account of Atlantis were also found in Bolivia, that helped me lead to the conclusion that Bolivia is where Atlantis existed. How to cite Atlantis, Essay examples

Talpac free essay sample

In no event will Runge Limited be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages arising out of the use or inability to use the software or documentation. Runge Limited has a policy of continual improvement to all products and documentation. The information in any documentation is subject to change without notice. Talpac Tutorial Metric, Talpac 10 Release  ©Copyright Runge Limited A. C. N. 010 672 321 Brisbane, Australia, 2007-2008 All Rights Reserved XPAC ®, Autoscheduler ®, TALPAC ®, XERAS ® and DragSim ® are US registered trademarks of Runge Limited and/or associated companies. Formula One and First Impression are registered trademarks of ReportingEngines, a division of Actuate Corporation. Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access and DAO are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the USA and other countries. For further information or additional copies of this documentation contact: Runge Limited G. P. O. Box 2774 Brisbane, Qld 4001 Australia. Ph: Australia (07) 3100 7200 International (+617) 3100 7200 Fax No. (07) 3100 7297 E-mail: [emailprotected] com. au Internet: http://www. runge. com V21052008 Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 3 Tutorial Metric Table of Contents 1. 2. 2. 1. About This Tutorial 6    Background to Worked This tutorial has been written so that users learn how to use TALPAC. The intention is that by following the series of workshops set out in this booklet, you will be able to use TALPAC, and have an appreciation as to the functionality of the program. Each of the workshops sets out a number of key TALPAC concepts, what actually needs to be completed for each workshop and what the results should be at various points. As well, there are questions that should be answered for each workshop. Some of these questions are qualitative, so no numerical answer has been provided. The phrases listed as concepts in each workshop can all be found in the on-line help. In the answers chapter of this booklet there are some answers to specific questions, and screen captures at certain points of the process which will enable you to check your progress. Often these screen captures contain the numeric answer. This tutorial does not cover every feature of TALPAC. However upon completion of this tutorial the user will have the skills required to successfully use TALPAC, and to self-learn the TALPAC facilities not covered here. Firstly it is recommended that you read through an entire workshop before starting it. TALPAC may be used to analyse the performance of existing fleets of equipment or to investigate the application of new equipment fleets in earthmoving and mining operations. In either case, the performance of a single fleet may be examined, or a comparison made of two or more different fleets. Typical TALPAC applications are listed below. Calculation of truck travel time to allow a comparative analysis of haul route alternatives. Estimation of fleet productivities for use in long and short term planning studies. Estimation and comparison of productivities using various loading methodologies to determine the optimum loading technique or loading unit bucket size. Sensitivity analysis in road design criteria to assess the relative importance of road maintenance. Calculation of tyre TKPH or TMPH ratings for use in tyre selection. Estimation of fuel usage. Determination (using discounted cash flow methods) of haulage contract costs and pricing. Truck fleet size optimisation to quantify the effect of over and under trucking. Incremental analyses, in which simulations can be automatically run for a range of haulage segment lengths and the results used to generate productivity curves. Equipment loading analysis to optimise loader bucket size, truck capacity and number of passes. Collation of results from calculations to examine the relationship between variables in the calculation, eg. haul distance versus productivity, haul distance versus truck fleet size. 6 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 2. Background to Worked Example A contractor has been invited to submit a tender for the removal of waste from an open-cut mine, at 2. million BCM per year. The contractor utilises the following equipment: Caterpillar 992G Front End Loaders (13. 68 tonne payload); and Komatsu HD785-5 Rear Dump Trucks (99. 0 tonne payload). In bidding for the waste removal contract, the contractor must determine how many trucks and loaders are required to meet the production target and the cost of product ion. The contractor is also unsure whether to continue with the same equipment or upgrade to larger equipment. In the workshops of this tutorial we will configure the required TALPAC components so that this analysis can be undertaken.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 7 Tutorial Metric 2. 1. Talpac Overview Key Concepts: Project, Haulage System, Template Technical Description This workshop is to generally discuss how TALPAC works and what the key areas of data input and out put are. The figure below shows how a Haulage System is made up of the unique combination of nominated templates. The templates are where the data is held for the Material, Roster, Loader, Truck and Haul Cycle. So, if you change data in one of the templates, then really you are simulating a different haulage system. In this way many Haul Systems can be stored in the one project. MATERIAL TYPES SHIFT ROSTERS HAULAGE SYSTEMS LOADER TEMPLATES TRUCK TEMPLATES HAUL CYCLES Figure 1 TALPAC Data Structure To set up a haulage system for the waste contract project, you will need to create a new haulage system, in a new TALPAC project. Initially we need to learn how to work with the templates. In later workshops we will begin entering data into these templates. 8 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Tasks Start up TALPAC. Do this via Start gt; Programs gt; Runge Software gt; TALPAC or by double clicking on the TALPAC icon on your desktop. In the opening dialogue click on the Create a New Project radio button and then click on the OK button. In the Create a New Project screen choose to Create An Empty Project and OK.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 9 Tutorial Metric In the file name box type: Waste Haulage Tutorial and open the file in your working directory. The Project Options dialogue box will then be opened. It is important to enter report titles for your TALPAC project. These titles are entered in the Print Titles tab and appear on all TALPAC output. Normally you would enter appropriate project titles, in this instance please enter the following: In this way you will be able to see what titles are user definable in TALPAC, and which titles are fixed format. Talpac can operate and report using either Imperial or Metric Units. This option is usually set during installation, but it worth checking that the correct option is set before proceeding with the rest of this Tutorial. Select View gt; Customise Talpac†¦ (Affects all Projects) Check that Metric Units is selected. 10 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Note Note This setting is Program, not Project specific. It will affect all Projects, not just the currently open Project. Changing the Menu Language may require Talpac to be restarted. Identify the five components of the haulage system. In the following workshops you will learn how to set up each of these components to represent a haulage situation. Open the AllParameters sheet and it will show: Technical, Stochastic and Costing information for the loader and truck; Roster and Material information; Cash flow options; and Loading options and Bucket construction options.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 11 Tutorial Metric Open the Loading Analysis sheet and you will get information on material, truck and loader. 12 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric From the Main screen the material, roster, loader and truck templates may be edited. First click with the left mouse on one of the list boxes to get a selection list. To edit one of the templates click on the relevant Edit button. After editing you can either click on OK to save or Cancel to return to the Main screen. Note Note Make sure you understand the difference between adding a new template to a list, and editing an existing template. Click on the Edit Haul Cycle button to open the Haul Cycle window. First, left mouse click on the Haul Cycle button to get a selection list of haul cycles in this project. Then click on any segment of the haul cycle and use either the cursor keys or the mouse to move around the haul cycle. Then right click and you can add, edit or delete segments from the haul cycle. Note the automatic segments. Close the Haul Cycle window. Click in the Haulage System drop down box so that Haulage System-1 is highlighted. Right click with the mouse on the highlighted name and choose Edit. Rename the haulage system to Basic Waste Contract. Now click on the lower portion of the screen so that the haulage system name is no longer highlighted, and then press the Save button on the toolbar. Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 13 Tutorial Metric Questions 1. What is in a TP7 file? 2. What are the 5 components of a haulage system? 3. What is a TALPAC project? 4. Why would you want to print out the ALL PARAMETERS sheet? 5. What are the options available on the right click of the mouse when a template name is highlighted? 6. What types of Haul Segments can be used? 7. Wh at is the difference between adding to a template list, and editing a template? 14 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 2. 2. The Material Type Key Concepts: Density, Swell, Fill Factor, Production Measurement Technical Description In this workshop, the characteristics of the material being hauled by the contractor will be entered into a template. The characteristics of the waste are described below. The productivity results are to be reported by volume rather than weight. Since we are working in metric units, this will mean that productivities are expressed as bcm/op. hour, bcm/shift and bcm/year. The insitu bank density is the density of the material while it is in the ground. This parameter is used to convert an insitu bank volume to its equivalent weight, and vice versa. The material swell factors are used to convert bank volumes to loose volumes in the loader bucket and the truck tray. Note that both swell factors are based on insitu volume. The loader bucket fill factor is dependent on both the material type and the class of loader. It is the ratio of the loose volume of the material in the loader bucket to the volumetric rated capacity of the loader bucket. The volumetric rated capacity of the loader bucket may be expressed on either a struck or heaped basis. Similarly, the loader bucket fill factor may be expressed on a struck or a heaped basis. The fill factor is selected from a scale in the material template. Tasks Create a new material template for the waste that the contractor is to haul. Click in the Material Template drop down box and then either right mouse click and choose Add off the menu or click on the Add button on the toolbar. Call the new template â€Å"Tutorial Waste†. The waste has an insitu bank density of 2. 2 tonnes/bcm. The swell factors for the waste the contractor is to move are as follows: Swell Factor Bank to Loader Bucket Swell Factor Bank to Truck Tray 1. 20 1. 25 For the contractors loader mining waste, set the loader bucket fill factor to average. This should equate to a factor of 0. 72 on a heaped basis (0. 88 on a struck basis) for a Front End Loader.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 15 Tutorial Metric Questions 1. What is the Loose Density in the loader bucket? 2. How would you use your own site specific fill factors? 3. What else will affect the filling of the bucket 16 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 2. 3. The Shift Roster Key Concepts: Roster, Delay, Scheduled, Unscheduled, Operating, Non-Operating Technical Description Working and operating hours for the loader and trucks are defined in the shift roster. The weekly shift pattern is specified, and then lost shifts per year and delays within each shift are allocated. These lost shifts and delays are divided into the following categories. Scheduled lost shifts; Unscheduled lost shifts; Non-operating shift delays; and Operating shift delays; The choice of category for a delay depends on mine site work practices. By definition, scheduled delays are those that may be fixed in time, eg. the public holiday on 25th December. Unscheduled delays are delays that you expect, but dont know exactly when they will occur, for example clean-up around the loader area and delays due to wet weather. Operating delays are those delays when the equipments engine is running. Conversely, non-operating delays are those delays when the equipments engine is not running. Tasks Set-up a roster template for the shift roster described below. Call it Tutorial Roster. The contractor operates on two shifts per day, from Monday to Friday. In addition, there is one over-time shift on Saturdays. The only rostered days of the year that are not worked are Christmas Day and Good Friday. The contractor annually allows for ten shifts lost due to industrial action and ten shifts lost as a result of wet weather. Each shift is ten hours long. The following delays occur within each shift: Crib (meal) break Delays either side of crib Delay at start of shift Delay at end of shift Delays for blasting Clean-up around loader 30 minutes 2 x 5 minutes 5 minutes 5 minutes 5 minutes 15 minutes operating operating non-operating operating non-operating operating Refuelling is carried out outside normal production hours.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 17 Tutorial Metric Questions 1. What are the total annual working hours for the loader? 2. What are the total fleet operating shifts for the year? 18 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 2. 4. Selecting a Loader Key Concepts: Loader database, Distribution, Loader methodology Technical Description The contractor wants to use Caterpillar 992G front end loaders. The characteristics of the loader have been determined from historical data. We need to use this data to correctly define how the loader is to be simulated. Tasks Right click on the list of loaders and choose Add. You will now be looking at the loaders section of the equipment database. Choose Caterpillar from the Manufacturer drop down list. Scroll down through the list of loaders until you find the 992G. Click on the Select button. You will now be back in the loader template. Call this template Contract Cat 992G. The contractors 992 loaders have an expected mechanical availability of 90% and the Bucket Cycle Time takes 35 seconds. Change the Bucket Cycle Time in seconds and the minutes will calculate automatically and vice versa.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 19 Tutorial Metric Click on the Bucket Selection button. The buckets available for the 992 are shown in the drop down list. Examine all the options available, click on the Auto Select button and see what effect it has. When you have finished click on the Restore Defaults button and then click on OK. Click on the Costing Data tab. The capital cost to the contractor of a 992G loader is $1,200,000. The contractor bases its cash flow on a 10% salvage value at the end of the loader life of 25,000 hours or 5 years (whichever occurs first). The loaders are depreciated at a rate of 15% on a straight line basis. The operating cost consists of the following components: Operating Labour Maintenance Labour Lube Tyre Replacement Wear Items Repair Parts Major Overhaul Liquid Fuels $54. 76/op. hr $19. 52/op. hr $3. 79/op. hr $11. 01/op. hr $6. 00/op. hr $45. 00/op. hr $18. 00/op. hr $25. 26/op. hr 20 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Click on the Distribution Data tab, examine the options available but do not change anything. Click on OK when you are finished. Questions 1. What is the total operating cost per hour? 2. Why can the template name be different to the database equipment name? 3. What does the default bucket payload represent?  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 21 Tutorial Metric 2. 5. Selecting a Truck Key Concepts: Truck Database, Local Characteristics Technical Description Characteristics of the haul trucks in the fleet are stored in the truck template, which is structured in a similar way to the loader template. Our example contractor uses Komatsu HD785-5 rear dump trucks. The characteristics of the trucks are described below. Tasks Right click on the list of Truck Type 1 and choose Add. You will now be looking at the trucks section of the equipment database. Choose Komatsu from the Manufacturer drop down list. Scroll down through the list of trucks until you find the HD785-5. Click on the Select button. You will now be back at the truck template. Call this template Contract 785-5. The contractors trucks are equipped with standard motors and are designed to carry the manufacturers rated payload. The Komatsu HD785-5 trucks have an availability of 85%. 22 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Operational studies show a spot time at the loader is 24 seconds, dump spot time is 20 seconds and a dump time of 30 seconds. Note: Changing the seconds will mean the minutes are updated automatically and vice versa. Click on the Costing Data tab. The truck capital cost is $850,000. A 10% salvage value at the end of the truck life of 30,000 hours or 6 years is assumed. The trucks depreciate at 25% on a straight-line basis. The operating cost consists of the following components: Operating Labour Maintenance Labour Lube Tyre Replacement Wear Items Repair Parts Major Overhaul Liquid Fuels $46. 37/op. hr $18. 24/op. hr $2. 59/op. hr $10. 91/op. hr $4. 30/op. hr $24. 08/op. hr $10. 75/op. hr $17. 24/op. hr  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 23 Tutorial Metric Click on the Distribution Data tab, examine the options available but do not change anything. Click on OK when you are finished. Set the number of trucks to Auto (not Auto-Max:1), so that TALPAC estimates the number of trucks required to keep the loader busy as follows: Estimated Fleet Size = Truck Cycle Time for Nominal Payload Truck Spot Time ? ? Nominal Truck ? ? ? Loading Time + ? at Loader ? ? Questions 1. What is the total operating cost per hour for the truck? 2. When would you use the different truck types in the same simulation? 24 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 2. 6. Setting up a Haul Cycle Key Concepts: Segment, Rolling Resistance, Speed Restrictions, Forward and Reverse Segments Technical Description To perform a simulation, TALPAC needs data regarding the haul route. This workshop describes how this data can be converted into to a format required. The loading segments are automatically included at the start of each new haul cycle. Tasks Click on the Edit Haul Cycle button to open the Haul Cycle window. The drawing at the end of the workshop shows a typical haul profile on which the waste contract is based. Conditions to be expected in the mine are listed below: within 50 metres of the shovel and dump point, the truck speed is restricted to 30 km/hr; around corners, trucks should not exceed 30 km/hr; and when traveling down ramps, trucks must not exceed 40 km/hr. Change the name of Haul Cycle 1 to Base Haul Route. Add a new haul segment by clicking row 4 of the haul cycle and then either click on the Add button on the toolbar or by using the right mouse menu. Call the new haul segment Around Loader, the distance will be 50. 0 metres, the maximum speed is 30 km/h and all of the other factors will use the default values. The haul profile should be divided into the appropriate number of segments. The segments may be of any length, but should have a constant grade, rolling resistance and load. Dont forget to include loading, dumping and fixed time segments in the haul cycle and take into account the speed restrictions. Rolling resistance is expressed as a percentage of the component of the gross vehicle weight that is normal to the ground surface. For guidance on rolling resistance values to use, access the table from the rolling resistance column, right mouse click on one of the cells in the Rolling Resistance column and choose Select. We will be using the average conditions for this tutorial, so click in the average column of the row in the table that best describes the current haul segment.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 25 Tutorial Metric When you have added all of the haul segments needed, add the dumping segments. As the haul route for the return journey is the same it is possible to use the Reverse all segments option. Reverse all of the segments. 26 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Questions 1. When is a new segment required? 2. How many segments are required? 3. What other methods are available for constructing a haul route in TALPAC? 4. What is the benefit of using real names for segment titles? 5. What is the relationship between final and maximum speeds for segments? 200m Corner T of Pit Ramp op = 300 Rl @10 % 400m T of Benc h op = 270 Rl Pit Floor = 260 Rl 00m @0% 100m Corner 200m @10% = gt; Haul Route F i gu re 2 Ha u l C ycle  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 50 m 0m 15 Base of Dump R amp = 300 Rl 5 0m m 50 Dump = 320 Rl 27 Tutorial Metric 2. 7. Production Analysis Key Concepts: Calculation Type, Full Simulation, Stochastic, Excavation Target Technical Description Once the haulage system has been defined it is ready to be analysed. In asse ssing the productive capacity of the system you have the choice of using the quick estimate or the full simulation. The other types of calculations will be discussed later. Quick estimate assumes there is no variability in the truck and loader parameters, and a deterministic analysis is performed. Full simulation takes the variability of truck and loader parameters into account using a stochastic analysis. Parameters that may be varied in the full simulation include loader bucket cycle time, loader bucket payload, truck travel time, truck dumping time and truck availability. The Excavation Target feature allows the user to specify a production target. When an excavation target is specified the Production Summary Report lists how many days/years that it would take to move the specified excavation target. The value for the target is independent on the measurement basis chosen in the material template. Tasks Clicking on the Type of Calculation list box may access Quick Estimate. Select Quick Estimate and either press the F9 key or click on the Calculate button. Similarly, selecting Full Simulation from the Type of Calculation list box and by using the F10 key or to click on the Calculate Results button to access Full Simulation. View the simulation results for each option and compare the differences. View the haul cycle details, the tyres and fuel consumption, and the cash flow screens. View the defined travel time graphs to identify the key segments of the haul cycle. Enter a Excavation Target of 2,500,000 bcm, run a Full Simulation and then view the results at the bottom of the Production Summary Report. Questions 1. Why is it useful to have different calculation types? 2. What is the vertical height difference that the load is being elevated through? 3. Why can you get different results for successive runs? 4. How long does it take to reach the production target? 28 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 2. 8. Incremental Analysis and Results Tables Key Concepts: Incremental Analysis, Results Tables Technical Description The haul profile used so far is representative of haul routes at the mid-life of the waste contract. In the early years the pit is shallower and in the later years it is deeper. The change in RL and the length of the ramp out of the pit vary as follows: Year 1 2 3 4 5 Length of Pit Ramp 200 metres 300 metres 400 metres 500 metres 600 metres The distance and elevation from the surface to the top of the waste dump do not change. In planning we need to understand how the productivity requirements change for the life of the contract. Also we are interested in seeing the results tabulated in a different format to the standard results. Tasks Based on this information, determine the productivity of the fleet for each year of the contract. Choose the Incremental Analysis button. In the Incremental Analysis window choose the Add button. In the Incremental Item Selection window choose Haul Segment Distance from the Item dropdown list. Choose Pit Ramp segment from the Forward Segment dropdown list. Choose 15: Pit Ramp (rev. ) from the Reverse Segment dropdown list. Set the First Value to 200 metres, the Last Value to 600 metres and the Step Value to 100 metres. Click on OK.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 29 Tutorial Metric If the Incremental Analysis window looks like this, then click on Calculate. 30 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Examine the information displayed in the Results Table. Note: That the column headed Row 7: Distance: TT1 represents the Pit Ramp length. Try creating your own report by clicking on the Report button and then choosing fields from the left-hand pane. Produce a graph of the ramp length versus the fleet productivity. Highlight the cells in the Results Table you wish to Graph and then chose Graph Selected Runs from the right-click menu. Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 31 Tutorial Metric From the X dropdown list choose Row 7: Distance: TT1 and choose Fleet Production Per Operating Hr from the Y dropdown list. Try choosing Fleet Production Per Operating Hr from the Z dropdown list. What happens if you tick the Group by checkbox? Right mouse click on the graph and choose Chart Designer from the menu. Try changing the chart type to a bar graph. Examine the options available and see what effect it has on your graph. 32 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Questions 1. What is the key information? 2. How many variables are available for inclusion in the results table? 3. When should you consider purchasing another truck?  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 33 Tutorial Metric 2. 9. Fleet Size Optimisation Key Concepts: Optimisation Analaysis, Marginal Economics Technical Description The optimum number of trucks in a fleet is a balance between productivity and cost. The fleet size optimisation carries out a series of production analyses for a range of truck fleet sizes. The results are summarised in a table displaying the fleet size, the fleet production and the discounted average cost. The results can also be displayed on a graph. The optimum fleet size is that with the lowest unit cost of production. The optimum fleet size will not necessarily have the highest production or provide the required output. Tasks Create a copy of the Base Waste Contract haulage, hit the F2 key and rename it Workshop Fleet Size. Make a copy of the base haul cycle, and call it Workshop Haul. In Workshop Haul, change the pit ramp distance to 2,000 m. Remember to change both the forward and reverse segments of the pit ramp. Configure the rest of this haul system to have the same loader, truck, material and roster templates. Make sure you save this haul system after you have selected the appropriate items. Do a Full Simulation and note the number of trucks. Now determine the optimum number of trucks for the contractors fleet. Choose the Optimisation button. Choose the Fleet Size radio button and then click on OK. Plot a graph of the Fleet size versus the marginal cost. Compare the optimum with the truck match determined in the full simulation in the previously in this workshop. 34 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Export the Results Table by going to File gt; Export, click on the Browse button and choose a name and location for the file. Make sure the Excel File (. XLS) radio button is chosen and then click on OK. Open up your results file in Excel and examine the data. Questions 1. What is the marginal cost of assigning one more truck than the optimum? 2. Why are the marginal economics important, and not just the average cost? 3. What is the optimum fleet size?  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 35 Tutorial Metric 2. 10. Key Concepts: Fleet Comparison Haulage Systems Technical Description The contractor wishes to investigate the cost benefits of moving to larger equipment for the waste removal contract. A new haulage system is going to be configured for the larger equipment. New truck and loader templates will be created. Tasks Add a new Haulage System, called Workshop Comparison. This will have the Tutorial roster, the tutorial waste, and the Base Haul Route from the Basic Waste Contract haulage system. Create a new template for both the truck and loader, the details of the larger equipment items in which the contractor is interested are as follows: Item Name Type Capacity Availability Capital Salvage Value Life in Years Life in Hours Depreciation type Depreciation Rate Total Operating Cost Shovel Komatsu-Demag H 285 S Hydraulic Shovel 16. cu. m heaped 90% $2,000,000 10% 8 35000 Straight line 15% $222. 73 Truck Dresser 510E Rear Dump Trucks 136. 14 tonne payload 85% $1,300,000 10% 8 35000 Straight line 25% $163. 50 With this equipment each bucket cycle takes 30 seconds. Also for the trucks the spot time at the loader is 30 seconds. The spot time at dump is 30 seconds and the dump t ime is 30 seconds. Use the Total Operating Cost checkbox to enter the operating cost 36 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Compare the discounted average cost for the equipment fleet above with the equipment fleet used in the previous workshop. In determining the discounted average cost, use the optimum truck fleet size for each option. Questions 1. Which equipment fleet would you recommend the contractor purchase? 2. What factors affect this decision?  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 37 Tutorial Metric 2. 11. Key Concepts: The Equipment Database User Defined Equipment Technical Description The equipment database contains a large range of trucks and loaders used in surface mining operations. The data supplied in the equipment database represents standard equipment and has been verified by the appropriate manufacturer. For equipment that is not in the database or that has been modified, the user is able to set-up their own equipment items. Tasks Access the equipment database from either View gt; Equipment Database or the Equipment Database button on the toolbar. Use the Type, Manufacturer and Class drop down lists to view a truck and a loader to see the data that is stored in the database for each equipment type. Create a user defined equipment item by copying a standard item of equipment to a new name. To copy an item from the standard database to a user database go to Edit gt; Copy Equipment. Rename your copy of the Komatsu HD785-5 to My Mines 785-5. Question 1. What role would User Defined equipment have at your operation? 38 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 2. 12. Key Concepts: Importing a Haul Cycle Importing a Haul Cycle from a Text File Technical Description In a previous workshop we have created a haul cycle by manually typing in the required details for each segment. In TALPAC you can also import this data directly from a text file. In turn this text file can be automatically generated in another system, such as a design package or a fleet monitoring / dispatch system. The text file import facility in TALPAC can be quite sophisticated, and in this workshop only a small portion of the functionality will be used. For more advanced requirements please refer to the help documentation, or contact Runge. Tasks In the Talpac \Tutorials directory there is a flat text file called â€Å"Test XYZ Space. txt†. Open this file with a text editor and inspect the layout. This file represents the co-ordinates of a haul route. Close the file after inspection. In TALPAC add a new Haul System called â€Å"Workshop Import†. Go to File gt; Import Haul Cycles from a Text File. Click on the Add button and create a new template called Tutorial. Click on the Browse button and find the file Test XYZ Space. txt. Select Space as the Field Delimiter Characters. Leave the First Import Line as 1, and also leave the Comment Character as ! Now click twice on the Next Line button, so that line 3 of the file is shown in the viewer. Set the Import Data Type radio button to X,Y,Z co-ordinates. Enter appropriate field numbers for the entities. That is: X coord Y coord Z coord 2 3 4. All other fields should have a 0 value. This means that you will be accepting the defaults shown for those fields. When complete, select the Reverse all segments setting load to â€Å"Empty† check box, and then click on OK.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 39 Tutorial Metric Inspect the results in TALPAC. Check that the haul cycle Import Test Haul 1 has been imported. Questions 1. Why is the new haul cycle called â€Å"Import Test Haul 1†? 2. How can this feature be used in your situation? 3. How else can the import facility be used? 40 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 2. 13. Key Concepts: Talpac Options Project Options, Customising TALPAC, Project Management, Feedback, Project Properties Technical Description There are many variables and Options used in TALPAC that are not contained within any of the templates that we have looked at so far. As well there are a number of ways of customising TALPAC and other features of which you should be aware. Tasks Go to File gt; Data File Management†¦. View the information available, click on View the list of Templates and examine the options available. From the toolbar, select Help gt; About Talpac†¦ and select the Send a suggestion link to automatically generate an email for Runge’s support desk with a feedback form included as an attachment. These following items are stored in the View pull-down menu. The main items are: In Project Options there are the following: Travel Options; Loading options; Cost Data options; and Bucket Construction Ratings; In Customise TALPAC the items available are: General Options, Distribution Defaults, Set Colours and Currency Options In Project Management you can see all of the created Haulage systems in this project, create new haulage systems, and run simulations on all of the haul systems. Questions 1. When should you change the options settings? . How can you tell the location of the current user database? 3. How can the project manager interact with mine planning?  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 41 Tutorial Metric 2. 14. Calibrating Talpac 2. 14. 1. Why Calibrate? Talpac is a proven tool for conducting Haul Simulation using the numerous input parameters that impact Truck and Loader fleet performance. Variations in material characteristics, operating conditions, equipment modifications and mine operating procedures can all have an impact on fleet performance. Calibrating Talpac to match actual productivities ensures that the results from the simulations reflect the individual conditions of your operating environment, allowing you to calculate and report with confidence in the results. How to Calibrate 1. Open your Project in Talpac and verify that the correct Haul Cycle, Loading Unit and Truck Types are selected. 2. Click on the All Parameters button in the Talpac Data Entry screen and print out the list of parameters. This print-out lists all of the data being used in your Talpac project whether default values or data that you have entered. . Gather performance data from your mine site for the key parameters. Possible sources of data include: Truck and Loader on-board performance monitors Mine fleet dispatch and monitoring systems Manufacturer supplied specifications for the equipment at your site Pit and dump plans showing elevations along the haul route Time and Motion field studies Production records e. g. truck counts, belt weighto meters, surveyed volumes. 4. Run some test simulations and compare the results to real-world performance data from your site. Ideally the performance data will be for a whole shift for a particular haulage system (otherwise a few repetitive timings of a particular haulage system can be used). Adjust the model as necessary to ensure that the Talpac results are in line with actual performance data. Some of the common adjustments that you might make are: User Equipment If equipment specifications are significantly different to the data in the Talpac database, create User Equipment in Talpac with the actual specifications and performance curves. Truck Travel Time Compare measured travel times segment by segment with those in the Haul Cycle Report Vary the rolling resistances in the Haul Cycle Vary the Travel Time Correction Factor Truck Cycle Time Set calculation mode to Quick Estimate (rather than Full Simulation) to eliminate variability in parameters during calibration Check Truck queuing and loading time (and number of Trucks) Check Truck spotting time and First Bucket Pass Delay 42 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Truck Productivity Vary the non-operating shift delays and operating shift delays (Roster Template) to achieve the actual working hours Set Truck Availability to 100% for the calibration exercise Loader Productivity Ensure that the Number of Passes to Fill Truck reflect actual data 5. Re-calibrate at frequent intervals. Points to consider Here are a few points to consider when gathering the calibration data for your site: Material Characteristics What is the In Situ Bulk Density and how is it measured? What swell factors are included in the data In Situ into the Bucket; In Situ into the Truck? How well does the Loader dig? What is the Bucket Fill Factor? Seasonal variations in Material characteristics (e. g. Wet Weather, Snow) Is there carryback of sticky material in the empty Trucks? Working Roster What are the site values for Hours/Shifts/Day for each day of the week? What are the site values for lost days per year (e. g. Weather, Industrial, Public Holidays)? Are there Delays that do not occur every shift (e. g. Blasting, equipment relocation, power outages)? What is the average operating time per shift (operator in the equipment, equipment in operating condition)? What are the average operating delays per shift (e. g. Loader waiting for dozer clean-up, moving large rocks)? Equipment Physicals What equipment models are being used on the calibration haul? Do they differ from the Manufacturers Handbook Specifications, and if so, what are the revised specifications (and the performance curves, if relevant)? Note: Changing tyre size or engine power or gear ratio requires a revised set of truck performance curves. Was all equipment purchased at the same time (differences in Operating life will result in variations in performance)? Has the equipment been maintained in accordance with the Manufacturers recommended Maintenance Schedule (poorly maintained Trucks may not perform in accordance with the Manufacturers performance curves)?  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 43 Tutorial Metric Haul Route What are the segment distances and grades? What operating conditions may affect equipment performance? Do seasonal variations affect the Haul Route and Truck performance (e. g. Wet Weather, Fog, Snow, Dust Storms)? What speed restrictions apply (e. g. for safety, tyre heating management)? What is the productivity of the Truck drivers? Real World Performance Data Truck Actual Haul Profile and Speed Limits Best estimate of rolling resistance for each haul segment Actual number of Trucks assigned to the Loader Actual Truck travel times (empty loaded) for each segment of the actual profile, including Truck loading, spotting, dumping and queuing times Actual Truck payload and empty Truck weight Loader Loading regime (single sided or double sided) Actual number of Loader passes to fill Truck Actual time waiting for Trucks First pass bucket delay Fleet Actual number of working hours per shift Actual probability distributions for Truck travel time, Truck dumping time, Truck availability, bucket payload and bucket cycle time Representative Real World Performance Data Fleet performance on a particular haulage system can vary over time due to several factors, including: weather conditions diggability at the loader face (blast performance) haul road conditions Truck driver performance Loader operator performance condition of the equipment traffic density (night shift versus day shift) the number of Trucks assigned to the Loader. Most users build one Talpac model for their site, so real world performance data (for calibrating Talpac) is ideally representative of the long term averages of the variables mentioned above. 44 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 45 Tutorial Metric 3. Answers WORKSHOP 1: TALPAC Overview 1. What is in a TP7 file? The TP7 file is the data file stored in your working directory that contains all of the data and settings for the current project. 2. What are the 5 components of a haulage system? Material, Roster, Loader, Truck and Haul Cycle. 3. What is a TALPAC project? A TALPAC project is the collection of saved Haulage Systems that are in the same TP7 file. 4. Why would you want to print out the ALL PARAMETERS sheet? For reference and auditing. For example it is useful to print this file to have as a backup of the important TALPAC configuration settings. This is haulage system specific. 5. What are the options available on the right click of the mouse when a template name is highlighted? 6. What types of Haul Segments can be used? 7. What is the difference between adding to a template list, and editing a template? Editing a template overwrites the data that already existed in the template. Adding a new template to the list means that a new template is created, and so all the original templates still remain. 46 Answers  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 2: THE MATERIAL TYPE 1. What is the Loose Density in the loader bucket? 1. 83 t/m3 (See the figure below) 2. How would you use your own site specific fill factors? Change the Global variables table. 3. What else will affect the filling of the bucket? Fragmentation, operator experience, weather conditions, visibility, bucket geometry.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Answers 47 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 3: THE SHIFT ROSTER 1. What are the total annual working hours for the loader? 4099 (See the figure below) 2. What are the total fleet operating shifts for the year? 464 (See the figure below) 48 Answers  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 4: SELECTING A LOADER 1. What is the total Operating cost per hour? The total operating cost for each loader is $183. 34/operating hour. 2. Why can the template name be different to the database equipment name? You may want to model variations of the same basic equipment. 3. What does the default bucket payload represent? The amount of material that is actually in the bucket, not the bucket capacity.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Answers 49 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 5: SELECTING A TRUCK 1. What is the total operating cost per hour for the truck? The total operating cost for each truck is $134. 48/operating hour. 2. When would you use the different truck types in the same simulation? If you were simulating a fleet that had more than one type of truck. 50 Answers  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 6: SETTING-UP A HAUL CYCLE 1. When is a new segment required? Whenever there is a change to the conditions which control velocity. Thus gradient, rolling resistance and Speed restrictions. 2. How many segments are required? See the figure below. 3. What other methods are available for constructing a haul route in TALPAC? Importing data from a text file. 4. What is the benefit of using real names for segment titles? So the user can visualise, and hence validate, the haul cycle data. 5. What is the relationship between final and maximum speeds for segments? If a certain segment has a maximum speed, then the preceding segment should have the same speed set as the final speed for it. Otherwise the truck may enter the next segment at an excessive speed.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Answers 51 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 7: PRODUCTION ANALYSIS 1. Why is it useful to have different calculation types? Mine planning requires different scenarios and options to be investigated. This means that different functionality is required. As well this is useful to calibrate the model in Quick estimate (deterministic) mode first. 2. What is the vertical height difference that the load is being elevated through? 60m. 3. Why can you get different results in successive runs? Due to the stochastic distributions used in simulation. 4. How long does it take to reach the production target? approx. 1. 06 Years 52 Answers  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 8: INCREMENTAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS TABLE 1. What is the key information? Key Information is what you need to see, and so depends on the purpose of the simulation. In this instance, cost, time, productivity, fleet size and length of haul would be key. 2. How many variables are available for inclusion in the results table? 250. 3. When should you consider purchasing another truck? In year 3. But what else should be considered? Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Answers 53 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 9: FLEET SIZE OPTIMIZATION 1. What is the marginal cost of assigning one more truck than the optimum? $2. 97 / bcm. 2. Why are the marginal economics important, and not just the average cost? Average costs disguise the impact of individ ual truck assignment. 3. What is the optimum fleet size? The run with the lowest fleet discount cost. 54 Answers  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 10: FLEET COMPARISON 1. Which equipment fleet would you recommend the contractor purchase? The larger fleet is the pure cost choice, but is this correct? 2. What factors affect this decision? Cost of capital, changes to working hours, flexibility of contract.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Answers 55 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 11: THE EQUIPMENT DATABASE 1. What role would User Defined equipment have at your operation? You can set up the specifications for the Truck and Loader which exactly match your configuration, rather than relying on the standard data. 56 Answers  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 12: IMPORTING A HAUL CYCLE 1. Why is the new haul cycle called â€Å"Import Test Haul 1†? Set by the variable on line 2 of the import file. Otherwise it will be imported and called the same as the import file name. 2. How can this feature be used in your situation? Eg From the mine design package a string can be digitised which represents the haul route. This string can then be exported to a text file as a series of X,Y, Z points. From there it can be imported directly into TALPAC. 3. How else can the import facility be used? To import complete Haul Systems.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Answers 57 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 13: TALPAC OPTIONS 1. When should you change the options settings? Only after consideration of what they are doing. It is also suggested that if these are changed, then make sure that changes are properly recorded. The ALL PARAMETERS print outs, and user defined reports in the Results Tables are two good ways of doing this. 2. How can the project manager interact with mine planning? Can make the analysis of multiple simulations easier and more straight forward. 3. How can you tell the location of the current user database? Under View gt; Project Properties the location and name of the current user database is shown. 58 Answers  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 4. Talpac Commands 4. 1. Embedded Buttons View Project Options View All Parameters View Loading Analysis View Project Manager Optimisation Calculation Incremental Analysis Calculate Full Simulation or Quick Estimate Edit Haulage System Edit Material Template Edit Loader Template Edit Roster Template Edit Truck Template